READING: Cervical Cancer

Cervical Cancer

The cervix is the lower part of the uterus, the place where a baby grows during pregnancy. Cervical cancer is caused by several types of a virus called human papillomaviruses (HPV). The virus spreads through sexual contact. Most women's bodies are able to fight HPV infection. But sometimes the virus leads to cancer. You're at higher risk if you smoke, have many children, use birth control pills for a long time, or have HIV infection.

Cervical cancer may not cause any symptoms at first, but later, you may have pelvic pain or bleeding from the vagina. It usually takes several years for normal cells in the cervix to turn into cancer cells. Your health care provider can find abnormal cells by doing a Pap test - examining cells from the cervix under a microscope. By getting regular Pap tests and pelvic exams you can find and treat changing cells before they turn into cancer.

A vaccine for girls and young women protects against the four types of HPV that cause most cervical cancers. 

NIH: National Cancer Institute

Source: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cervicalcancer.html

List of Vocabulary:

• Cervix             : leher rahim
• Fight               : Melawan
• Risk                : resiko
• Infection         : perdangan
• Symptoms     : Gejala
• Bleeding        : berdarah
• Against          : Melawan

COMPREHENSION QUESTION

Answer the following question based on the text!

1. What is cervix?
2. What is the cause of cervical cancer?
3. Who can get the cervical cancer?
4. How the cervical cancer can spread?
5. What are the symptoms of cervical cancer?
6. How we can detect cervical cancer?

READING: Family Planning

Family Planning / Birth Control

Considering the population explosion, increasing inflation and scarcity of resources, the family trends have shifted to nuclear families with number of children limited to one or two. Family planning refers to the natural and artificial birth control methods that allow you to control the size of your family and the gap between your children.

Family planning helps you prevent conception and reduce the risk of pregnancy. The biggest advantage of family planning tools is that they save you from the hassles of pregnancy termination and abortion. Adopting a family plan directly effects a woman's health in a good way by preventing unwanted and unplanned pregnancies and subsequent abortions. Restricting the family size allows more resources for bringing up your children and sustaining a family in a balanced way. Adopting family planning methods helps couples to let their children have a more focused upbringing, better education and other amenities. Family planning perspectives are being given serious thought worldwide, and so, important birth control FAQ are being referred more often than ever for effective family planning.

Source: http://health.indiamart.com/familyplanning/

List of vocabulary

• Consider        : mempertimbangkan
• Explosion      : ledakan, letupan
• Scarcity          : kekurangan
• Limited          : membatasi
• Artificial        : buatan
• Prevent          : mencegah
• Hassles          : percekcokan
• Amenities      : sikap ramah-tamah
• Planning        : perencanaan

Translate the text above into Bahasa Indonesia!

COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

Answer the following question based on the text!

1. What is the background of family planning program?
2. What is the family planning refers to?
3. What are the advantages of family planning?
4. What is the biggest advantage of family planning?

READING: Pregnancy Test

Pregnancy Test

A pregnancy test measures a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). HCG is a hormone produced during pregnancy. It appears in the blood and urine of pregnant women as early as 10 days after conception.

A pregnancy test may be performed using blood or urine. There are two types of blood pregnancy tests:

• Qualitative, which measures whether the HCG hormone is present
• Quantitative, which measures how much HCG is present

The blood test is done by drawing a single tube of blood and sending it to a laboratory. You may wait anywhere from a few hours to more than a day to get the results.

The urine HCG test is usually performed by placing a drop of urine on a prepared chemical strip. It generally takes 1 to 2 minutes for a result.

The urine test involves normal urination into a cup. The serum tests involve drawing blood through a needle and into a tube. Any discomfort you might feel from the blood draw will only last a few seconds.

This test may be done to:

• Determine if you are pregnant
• Diagnose abnormal conditions that can raise HCG levels
• Watch the development of the pregnancy during the first 3 months (quantitative test only)

Source            : http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003432.htm

Vocabulary :

Pregnancy     : kehamilan

Measure         : mengukur

Conception    : penghamilan

Hormone       : hormon

Chemical       : kimia

Tube               : pembuluh

Discomfort    : keadaan tak senang

Determine     : menentukan

Abnormal      : tidak normal

Translate the text above into Bahasa Indonesia!

Answer the following questions based on the text!

1. What is the pregnancy test?
2. How the text is performed?
3. How the test will feel?
4. Why the test is performed? give some reasons!

READING: A Cesarean Section

A Cesarean Section

A Cesarean section (C-section) is surgery to deliver a baby. The baby is taken out through the mother's abdomen. In the United States, about one in four women have their babies this way. Most C-sections are done when unexpected problems happen during delivery. These include

• Health problems in the mother
• The position of the baby
• Not enough room for the baby to go through the vagina
• Signs of distress in the baby

C-sections are also more common among women carrying more than one baby.

The surgery is relatively safe for mother and baby. Still, it is major surgery and carries risks. It also takes longer to recover from a C-section than from vaginal birth. After healing, the incision may leave a weak spot in the wall of the uterus. This could cause problems with an attempted vaginal birth later. However, more than half of women who have a C-section can give vaginal birth later.

Source: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cesareansection.html

Vocabulary:

• Cesarean        : pembedahan perut untuk menolong melahirkan anak.
• Surgery          : ilmu bedah/ operasi
• Abdomen      : perut
• Unexpected   : tak diduga-duga
• Signs               : pertanda
• Distress          : keadaan yang berbahaya
• Recover          : pulih
• Vaginal birth : persalinan normal
• Healing          : menyembuhkan
• Incision          : goresan

Translate the text above into Bahasa Indonesia !

Answer the question below based on the text!

1. What is a cesarean section?
2. Explain four reasons why women have to take a cesarean?
3. According to the text, is a cesarean section save for mother?
4. What is the effect of a cesarean section for mother?
5. What is the best way to born (cesarean/ vaginal birth)? Give some reasons!

READING: Infertility Services

INFERTILITY SERVICES

 

Infertility is a problem faced by many couple longing for the arrival of their newborn. In Indonesia, infertility couple account for 15% of all couples within childbearing age group. Infertility services provide rational, complete and integrated services on examination and treatment of infertility couple. A professional term runs this program and supported by sophisticated laboratorium and diagnostic equipment.

 

            Rapid progress in the science of human reproduction in the last 25 years has given a hope to infertile couple, who pregnancies due to certain reason cannot happen naturally.

            In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVT-ET) is a procedure when eggs are taken from the women’s body, fertilized in the laboratory by her husband sperms and then the embryo is transferred into the mother’s womb. The first Indonesia’s test tube baby who was born on may 1988, ensured by more than 200 babies up to now

            Recently, a new technique, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) which needs only one sperm, has given a new hope for severe male infertility unable to be treated by conventional IVF which needs a couple hundred thousands sperm minimally.

Source : Harapan Kita Hospital at a Glance, 1999)

Vocabulary   :

• Infertility       : kemandulan
• Newborn       : baru lahir
• Childbearing : mampu melahirkan
• Rational         : masuk akal
• Integrated      : memadukan
• Sophisticated : canggih
• Reproduction: perkembangbiakan
• Womb             : rahim
• Conventional : lazim

Translate the text above into Bahasa Indonesia!

COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

Answer the following question based on the text!

1.               What is the meaning of infertility?

2.        What should infertility services provide for infertility couples?

3.        When was the first Indonesia’s test tube baby born?

4.       List two procedures that can help infertile couple have a new hope for the arrival of the baby?

5.             What is the similarity the word “womb” in anatomical terms?

READING & SPEAKING: Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs, venereal diseases) are among the most common infectious diseases in the United States today. STDs are sometimes referred to as sexually transmitted infections, since these conditions involve the transmission of an infectious organism between sex partners. More than 20 different STDs have been identified, and about 19 million men and women are infected each year in the United States, according to the CDC (2010).

Depending on the disease, the infection can be spread through any type of sexual activity involving the sex organs, the anus, or the mouth; an infection can also be spread through contact with blood during sexual activity. STDs are infrequently transmitted by any other type of contact (blood, body fluids or tissue removed from an STD infected person and placed in contact with an uninfected person); however, people that share unsterilized needles markedly increase the chance to pass many diseases, including STD's (especially hepatitis B), to others. Some diseases are not considered to be officially an STD (for example, hepatitis types A, C, E) but are infrequently noted to be transferred during sexual activity. Consequently, some authors include them as STD's, others do not. Consequently, lists of STD's can vary, depending on whether the STD is usually transmitted by sexual contact or only infrequently transmitted. 

Source            : From: http://www.avert.org/stds.htm

Vocabulary   :

• Sexually         : secara seksual
• Disease          : penyakit
• Infectious       : menular
• Transmission: pengiriman
• Markedly       : dengan jelas
• Infrequently  : dengan jarang

Translate the text above into Bahasa Indonesia!

Answer the following question according to the text!

1. What is the definition of Sexually transmitted diseases?
2. What is the cause of STDs?
3. How many STDs that have been identified?
4. How STDs can be spread through the human?
5. Mention some kinds of STDs?

 DIALOG:

SOME DISEASE

Situation

The crush program is still going on. The participants are very diligent. None of them misses the sessions.

Laura              : what is the theme today?

Hanum           : I think we will listen to the lecture on disease.

Speaker          : yes… I will talk about some sexually transmitted disease especially gonorrhea and infection by Chlamydia can cause scarring and blocking of the tubes and are a major cause of infertility.

Michiko         : oh, that’s horrible!

Speaker          : indeed yes… it’s horrible…in tubal ligation the fallopian tubes are surgically cut and theirs ends tied to prevent pregnancy.

Hanum           : very bad…then a women cannot have her own baby.

Speaker          : well…that’s faith.

 

 QUESTIONS

Answer the question according to the dialog!

1.      How is the situation in the crash program?

2.      What is the subject now?

3.      Why is the disease so dangerous?

4.      Why is the pregnancy prevented?

5.      How is prevented?

 

•   Make a dialog with the same situation.

•   Find the difficult word in the dialog.

READING: Parent Education Program

TASK 1. READING

PARENT EDUCATION PROGRAM

This program is designed to help parent to be prepare becoming model parent. Material given consists of topics on physical and emotional changes during pregnancy, fetal growth and development, nutrient needs during pregnancy and breastfeeding, benefit of breast milk from medical, physiological, and socio-economical standpoints, god and proper breastfeeding, pregnancy and delivery preparation.

            Other topics include subjects on the importance of music and singing during pregnancy, pre- and postnatal exercises, rooming-in and family planning and also problems related with pregnancy and sexual intercourse. This program is handled by professional staff of obstetrician-gynaecologists, paeditricians, medical rehabilitation specialists, medical nutritionists, dentist, physiologists, pharmacists, social workers, musical therapist and singing instructors.

(Harapan Kita Hospital at a glance, 1995)

TASK 2. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

1. What for is the parents education program designed?

2. What do the material topics of this program include?

3. Why do the subject on the importance of music and singing include in this program?

4. List the professional staffs on the importance of music and singing include in this program

5. What do each of roles from:

a.      Obstetrician-gynaecologist

b.      Paeditrician

c.       Medical rehabilitation specialist

d.     Physiologists

READING, SPEAKING & GRAMMAR: Sperm Production

Sperm Production

Sperm are produced, stored, and delivered by the male reproductive system. The male reproductive system includes the testes, urethra, vas deferens, prostate gland, seminal vesicle, and penis.

The testes contain coiled structures called seminiferous tubules, which are the sites of sperm production. They produce over 12 billion sperm per month. The epididymis lies on top of the seminiferous tubules. Immature sperm migrate from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis to mature and be stored.

Before intercourse, the penis fills with blood and becomes erect. With sufficient stimulation, the ejaculatory process begins.

The mature sperm travel from the epididymis through the vas deferens. The vas deferens is a narrow, muscular tube about 18 inches long. Its smooth muscle contractions propel the sperm forward. They arrive first at the ampulla, the widest part of the vas deferens, and then pass into the ejaculatory ducts. In the ejaculatory ducts, a liquid secretion from the seminal vesicles mixes with the sperm. Seminal fluid contains fructose sugar, which the sperm use as fuel as well as alkalines, which help to counteract the naturally acidic environment of the vagina and uterus providing the sperm a better chance for survival.

The liquid mixture is propelled forward through the ejaculatory ducts toward the urethra, passing first through the prostate gland, where milky prostatic fluid is added, forming the substance we call semen. The prostatic fluid helps the sperm swim faster, which is important for getting to the egg cell.

Finally, about a teaspoon of semen is ejected out (ejaculated) through the far end of the urethra at the end of the penis. From the time the sperm leave the man’s body, they have between 12 and 48 hours to find and fertilize the egg cell, assuming an egg is available. Of the 300 million sperm ejaculated, only about 200 or so will survive to reach the egg cell and only one will succeed in fertilizing it.

Source:http://www.pennmedicine.org/encyclopedia/em_DisplayAnimation.aspx?gcid=000120&ptid=17

Vocabulary :

• Produce         : menghasilkan
• Immature       : belum matang
• Migrate          : berpindah tempat
• Intercourse    : persetubuhan
• Sufficient       : cukup
• Propel            : mendorong
• Survive          : bertahan
• Succeed         : menggantikan

Translate the text above into Bahasa Indonesia!

Answer the following question according to the text!

1. Which system that produce sperm?
2. What is the contain of the testes?
3. How many sperm which is produced in a moth?
4. What will happen with penis before intercourse?
5. What is the widest part of the vas deferens?
6. What is the contain of Seminal fluid?
7. How many time that the sperm need to find and fertilize the egg cell after leave the man’s body?

Dialog

Sperm Production

Situation

            The evening session continues with more questions from the floor. There are speakers, Michiko from Japan, Hanum from Bangladesh, and Zainab from Indonesia.

Michiko         : excuse me, sir. Could you please explain again about spermatogenia to us?

Speaker          : alright, spermatogenia devide by mitosis to produce more spermatogenia or differentiate into spermatocytes.

Hanum           : sir, what does meiosis produce?

Speakers        : well, meiosis of each spermatocyte produce four hap-loid spermatiods.

Zainab            : how long does the process take place?

Speaker          : it takes over three weeks. Ladies and gentlemen… your paper is due tomorrow… please turn in before the coffee break… thank you!

PART 2. QUESTIONS

1.      What is the topic of the evening session?

2.      How many participants ask questions?

3.      Does the speaker give them any written assignment?

4.      When is it due?

PART 3. MAKE A DIALOG

With your partner create a dialog with similar situation.

PART 4. EXPOSURE TO STRUCTURE

Pronouns

There are five form of pronouns in English:

1.      Subject pronouns: I, you, we, they, he, she, it

2.      Object pronouns: me, you, us, them, him, her, it

3.      Possessive adjective: my, your, our, their, his, her, its

4.      Possessive pronouns: mine, yours, ours, theirs, his, hers, its

5.      Reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself/ yourselves, ourselves, themselves, himself, herself, itself

READING: The Meaning Of Fertilization

 The Meaning Of Fertilization  

Fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm, usually occurring in the ampulla of the fallopian tubae. Fertilization constitutes the penetration of the oocyte which the sperm performs, fusion of the sperm and oocyte, succeeded by fusion of their genetic material. There are two mechanisms by which fertilization can take place. The first is external (the eggs are fertilized outside of the body), and the second is internal (the While fertilization is necessary for organisms that reproduce sexually, individuals that reproduce asexually do so without the need for fertilization. eggs are fertilized within the female reproductive tract). These organisms produce genetically identical copies of themselves through the process of mitosis.

(Source: English for Midwife, Stikes Nani Hasanuddin 2009)

A. Translate the text above!

B. Find difficult word!

C. Make the difficult word into sentences! 

READING: Midwife

What is a midwife?

A midwife is a person who has acquired the requisite qualifications to be registered and legally licensed to practise midwifery. She must be able to give the necessary supervision, care and advice to women during pregnancy, labour and the postpartum period, to conduct deliveries on her own responsibility and to care for the newborn and the infant. She may practise in hospitals, clinics, health units, domiciliary conditions or in any other service¹.
A midwife is a health professional who, in partnership with the woman provides care, education and support during the childbearing cycle. The midwife works with women and families during pregnancy, birth and the postnatal period facilitating early parenting. Midwives believe that childbirth is an essentially normal significant life event for women and their families².

Why choose midwifery care?

The World Health Organisation states that "midwives are the most appropriate primary health care providers to be assigned to the care of normal birth"². Midwifery is a profession based on promoting normalcy. Essentially it is an art of service, in that the midwife must recognize, respond to and cooperate with natural forces. The experienced midwife knows that there are many normal variations on the themes of pregnancy, birth and postpartum; it is her job to decipher the patterns and facilitate a healthy outcome. By giving thorough prenatal care, the midwife becomes so familiar with each client that she will quickly be alerted to any deviation from normal. The birth is the finishing touch to a carefully developed relationship involving care on physical, emotional and intellectual levels. Midwifery has often been called an art of invisibility, because it is non-interventive except to maintain balance and restore harmony³.
Certainly the midwife is an advocate of choice. Research has shown that the more relaxed and at ease a woman is during labour, the more efficiently her body will function. A midwife's most basic responsibility to her clients is to do her utmost to promote comfort, relaxation and peace of mind.
Her hands are probably her most precious tools, as she senses, blesses and heals with her touch. She strives continually to reserve judgements and yet speak the truth. Ultimately, responsibility for the birth belongs to the parents. It is up to them to be well informed and to choose an attendant with the personal qualities and competence to suit them. And by claiming the right to experience the intimate event of birth as they choose, they open doors to unprecedented joy and fulfilment while laying the foundation for strong and sensitive parenting4.

Lois Wattis
RN, RM, IPM, FACM, IBCLC
www.birthjourney.com

REFERENCES
¹ International Definition of a Midwife - IFGO (1991); WHO (1992)
² WHO/FRH/MSM/96.24 Care in Normal Birth, p7.
³ "Heart and Hands" E. Davis (1987) pg.5
4 "Heart and Hands" E. Davis (1987) pg.7


Answer the questions below, according to the text above!

1. What is a midwife?
2. Why should a person legally licensed to practice midwife?
3. What is the WHO stated about midwife?
4.  Why we choose midwifery care?
  
Find the difficult word from the text above and then translate into Bahasa Indonesia!

Other good midwifery sites:
www.maternitywise.org - American website with a wealth of sound evidence-based information
www.birth.com.au - An Australian site with a smorgasbord of information on pregnancy and birth
www.communitymidwiferywa.org.au - WA's government funded homebirth service
www.acmi.org.au - Professional organisational body of Australian Midwives